Milan

Welcome to Voyage Owl’s walking tour of Milan, a city where history, art, fashion, and innovation collide in perfect harmony. Milan is often known as the capital of fashion, but beneath its stylish exterior lies a deep reservoir of history and culture that dates back over 2,000 years. It’s a city that defies easy categorization—at once ancient and modern, traditional and avant-garde, industrial and artistic. Whether you’re a lover of architecture, a history buff, a foodie, or simply someone looking to experience one of Italy’s most dynamic cities, Milan offers something for everyone.

Milan’s origins date back to 600 BC, when it was first settled by the Celtic Insubres, but it truly rose to prominence during the Roman Empire as Mediolanum, becoming the empire’s capital under Emperor Diocletian in the 4th century. Its strategic location made it a political, military, and economic center, a status it has retained through the centuries, weathering periods of war, occupation, and rebuilding. The city’s medieval and Renaissance periods were marked by the rule of the Visconti and Sforza families, whose legacies shaped the city’s landscape, from the Sforza Castle to Milan’s iconic cathedral.

In the modern era, Milan became synonymous with the Industrial Revolution and later with finance and commerce, housing the headquarters of Italy’s largest companies and the Borsa Italiana, the country’s main stock exchange. Its post-World War II revival, combined with its rise as the world’s leading fashion capital, has given Milan its cosmopolitan, global outlook.

But Milan is more than a center of business or fashion—it is home to artistic treasures like Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper, Michelangelo’s Pietà Rondanini, and some of the greatest operatic performances at the legendary Teatro alla Scala. The city’s creative energy is reflected in its vibrant design district, its modern architectural wonders like the Vertical Forest, and its historic art galleries.

As we embark on this walking tour, we’ll explore some of Milan’s most iconic landmarks, from its towering cathedral to the elegant shopping arcades that reflect its dual nature as both a historic city and a modern metropolis. Milan’s streets are filled with stories—of emperors, dukes, artists, and designers—all waiting to be uncovered.

Our journey begins at the heart of Milan, with one of the most stunning architectural achievements in Italy: Il Duomo di Milano.

### Stop 1: Duomo di Milano – A Gothic Masterpiece of Epic Proportions

Our tour begins at the Duomo di Milano, a cathedral that needs no introduction but one that deserves a proper exploration. Towering over Piazza del Duomo, the Duomo is not just the symbol of Milan; it is the heart and soul of the city, a magnificent monument to both the Gothic and Renaissance architectural styles. Its construction, which began in 1386, was commissioned by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Duke of Milan, and it wasn’t fully completed until 1965—almost six centuries later. The cathedral is the largest in Italy and one of the largest in the world, able to hold over 40,000 people at once.

Standing before the Duomo, the first thing that strikes you is its sheer size. The cathedral’s facade is a marvel of white Candoglia marble, intricately carved with sculptures, spires, and statues. There are over 3,400 statues on the Duomo, making it the building with the most statues in the world. The most famous of these is the Madonnina, a golden statue of the Virgin Mary that sits atop the highest spire, watching over the city. For centuries, the Madonnina has been a symbol of Milan’s protection, and there’s even a local law that no building in the city may exceed the height of her spire (a tradition that was only broken in recent times by placing a smaller replica of the statue on the top of taller buildings).

The Duomo’s interior is no less impressive. Once inside, you’re greeted by 52 towering pillars, each representing a week of the year. These massive columns rise to a vaulted ceiling that soars above you, giving the cathedral an almost otherworldly sense of scale. The stained glass windows are among the largest in the world and depict scenes from the Bible and the lives of the saints. Light streams through these intricate windows, bathing the Duomo in a kaleidoscope of colors.

One of the most remarkable aspects of the Duomo is the rooftop, which is accessible to visitors. Climbing to the rooftop is an experience unlike any other, as you’ll find yourself walking among the 135 spires that punctuate the skyline. From here, you’ll have an unparalleled view of the city—on a clear day, you can even see the Alps in the distance. The rooftop offers a unique perspective on the Duomo’s extraordinary architecture, allowing you to admire the statues and carvings up close.

The Duomo also holds a number of religious relics, including one of the Holy Nails from the Crucifixion of Christ, which is displayed annually during a special ceremony. The cathedral’s history is rich with stories of faith, ambition, and artistry, and it remains a vital part of Milan’s spiritual and cultural life.

After exploring the grandeur of the Duomo, we’ll step just next door to the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, a shopping arcade that reflects the elegance and luxury that Milan is famous for.

### Stop 2: Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II – Milan’s Luxurious Living Room

From the solemn grandeur of the Duomo, we move into the bustling energy and elegance of the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, one of the oldest shopping malls in the world and a stunning example of 19th-century Italian architecture. Opened in 1877 and designed by architect Giuseppe Mengoni, the Galleria was named after Vittorio Emanuele II, the first king of a united Italy, and it remains one of Milan’s most beloved landmarks.

As you step into the Galleria, you’ll immediately notice its magnificent glass dome and iron framework, a triumph of engineering at the time of its construction. The Galleria is designed in the shape of a Latin cross, with two grand arcades intersecting beneath the central glass dome. The iron-and-glass roof, which soars 47 meters (154 feet) above the ground, allows sunlight to flood the space, creating a bright and airy atmosphere that feels almost like a cathedral to commerce.

Beneath your feet, the floors are adorned with intricate mosaics that depict the coats of arms of Italy’s most important cities, including Rome, Florence, and Turin. One of the most famous traditions in the Galleria is to spin three times on your heel over the mosaic of the bull, the symbol of Turin, which is said to bring good luck. The mosaic has become so popular that the poor bull’s image has been worn down over time from the sheer number of people taking part in this charming ritual.

The Galleria is home to some of the most prestigious fashion brands in the world, including Prada, which opened its very first store here in 1913, as well as Louis Vuitton, Gucci, and Versace. But the Galleria is not just about shopping—it’s also a favorite spot for locals and tourists to gather for a coffee or an aperitivo at one of its historic cafes, such as Caffè Biffi or Caffè Savini, both of which have been serving Milanese society since the 19th century.

Caffè Biffi, in particular, holds a special place in the Galleria’s history, as it was founded by Paolo Biffi, the official pastry chef of King Vittorio Emanuele II. To this day, the cafe remains a symbol of Milanese elegance and refinement, making it the perfect spot to relax and watch the world go by.

The Galleria’s role as the city’s "living room" is well-earned—it’s a place where people come to shop, socialize, and admire the beauty of their surroundings. Whether you’re indulging in a little retail therapy or simply taking in the architecture, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II is an essential part of Milan’s identity, embodying both its opulence and its historic charm.

With the Galleria behind us, we’ll now head to the next stop on our journey through Milan: the world-renowned La Scala Opera House, just a short walk away.

### Stop 3: La Scala – Milan’s Legendary Opera House

Just a stone’s throw from the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II is the world-renowned Teatro alla Scala, or La Scala, one of the most prestigious opera houses in the world. Opened in 1778, La Scala has been the stage for some of the most famous names in the history of opera, ballet, and classical music. From Giuseppe Verdi and Giacomo Puccini to Maria Callas and Luciano Pavarotti, La Scala has been the backdrop to many legendary performances.

When you first approach La Scala from the outside, its simple neoclassical facade might seem unassuming compared to the opulence of other Milanese landmarks. Don’t let that fool you—the beauty of La Scala is found inside, where its grandeur and history come alive. The theatre’s main auditorium, known for its iconic red velvet seats, crystal chandeliers, and gold leaf detailing, is a sight to behold. The venue can accommodate more than 2,000 people, and its acoustics are considered among the finest in the world, ensuring that every note, aria, and crescendo resonates perfectly, regardless of where you’re seated.

The construction of La Scala was commissioned by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria after a fire destroyed the Teatro Regio Ducale, Milan’s previous opera house. The new theatre was named after the Church of Santa Maria alla Scala, which previously occupied the site. Designed by the neoclassical architect Giuseppe Piermarini, the theatre has seen many historical moments, including Verdi’s early successes and some of the first productions of Puccini’s operas.

One of La Scala’s most significant contributions to opera is its long-standing relationship with Verdi, who premiered several of his major works here, including Nabucco and Otello. Verdi’s connection with La Scala made the opera house a symbol of Italian nationalism during the Risorgimento, the movement for Italian unification. Verdi’s compositions, especially the Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves from Nabucco, became anthems for the fight for independence.

The theatre also endured difficult times, including the bombing of Milan during World War II. In 1943, La Scala was severely damaged by Allied bombings, but it was meticulously restored and reopened in 1946 with a performance of Verdi’s Nabucco, symbolizing both the resilience of the city and the rebirth of its cultural life.

Visitors to La Scala can also explore the La Scala Museum, located within the opera house. The museum houses an impressive collection of opera memorabilia, including original scores, costumes, and portraits of famous composers and performers. There’s even a chance to see historic instruments and to learn more about the history of opera as an art form. For opera lovers, the museum is a treasure trove of information and artifacts that offer a deeper understanding of the cultural significance of this legendary institution.

While attending a performance at La Scala is a bucket-list experience, even if you can’t catch a show, just stepping inside the theatre and soaking in its atmosphere is an unforgettable experience. The legacy of the great performers who have graced the stage over the centuries still lingers in the air, making La Scala not just a venue for the performing arts, but a place where history and culture converge.

After immersing ourselves in the world of opera at La Scala, we’ll head toward another of Milan’s most significant historical sites: the Sforza Castle, an impressive fortress that played a central role in Milan’s history for centuries.

### Stop 4: Sforza Castle – A Fortress Turned Cultural Hub

Next on our tour is the imposing Sforza Castle (Castello Sforzesco), a massive fortress that has stood at the heart of Milan since the 15th century. Built by Francesco Sforza, the Duke of Milan, the castle was originally a defensive fortress but was later transformed into a luxurious ducal residence. Today, it houses several of Milan’s most important museums and art collections.

As you approach the castle, you’ll be struck by its size and the grandeur of its towers and moat. The most famous of these is the Torre del Filarete, the castle’s main tower, named after the Renaissance architect Filarete, who designed it. The castle’s thick red-brick walls and large courtyards are a reminder of its military origins, but once inside, you’ll discover a world of art and culture.

One of the highlights of Sforza Castle is the Museo d’Arte Antica, which houses an impressive collection of sculptures and paintings, including the final, unfinished masterpiece of Michelangelo, the Rondanini Pietà. This moving sculpture depicts the Virgin Mary cradling the body of Christ after the crucifixion and is a testament to Michelangelo’s genius even in his final years.

The castle is also home to the Pinacoteca del Castello, an art gallery that includes works by Leonardo da Vinci, Andrea Mantegna, and Titian. Don’t miss the Sala delle Asse, a room painted by Leonardo, which features intricate designs of intertwined trees and foliage on the ceiling.

The castle grounds are open to the public, and the surrounding Parco Sempione offers a peaceful escape from the hustle and bustle of the city. Take a stroll through the park, relax by the ponds, or explore the many sculptures and monuments that dot the landscape.

After visiting Sforza Castle, we’ll head to one of the most famous works of art in the world: Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper.

### Stop 5: The Last Supper (Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie)

No visit to Milan would be complete without seeing The Last Supper, one of the most famous and influential works of art in history, painted by Leonardo da Vinci between 1495 and 1498. Located in the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, this masterpiece is a stunning representation of the moment when Jesus announces to his disciples that one of them will betray him. The Last Supper is not just a painting; it’s a work of art that has influenced countless generations of artists and continues to captivate visitors from around the world.

As you enter the refectory where The Last Supper is displayed, you’ll immediately feel the weight of history in the room. The painting covers the entire wall, and its scale is breathtaking, measuring 8.8 meters (28.9 feet) long and 4.6 meters (15.1 feet) high. Da Vinci employed an innovative technique to create this masterpiece, using tempera and oil on dry plaster rather than the traditional fresco method, which ultimately contributed to the work’s fragile condition.

One of the most striking features of The Last Supper is Leonardo’s use of perspective. The lines of the room in the painting draw your eye directly to Christ, who sits at the center of the composition. Each of the 12 apostles is depicted with a distinct expression and gesture, reacting to Christ’s shocking announcement. The emotional tension in the scene is palpable, and it’s this depth of human emotion that makes The Last Supper so enduringly powerful.

Unfortunately, the painting has suffered significant damage over the centuries, from environmental exposure to bombings during World War II, when much of the convent was destroyed. However, thanks to extensive restoration efforts, The Last Supper has been preserved for future generations to admire.

Da Vinci’s experimentation with technique meant that the painting began to deteriorate within a few years of its completion. Over the centuries, numerous attempts were made to restore the work, but it wasn’t until the 1999 restoration that much of Leonardo’s original vision was uncovered, bringing back the vibrant colors and intricate details of the piece.

Because of its fragility, entry to see The Last Supper is strictly controlled, with visitors allowed only a few minutes in the refectory to minimize exposure to light and humidity. However, the brief time you spend in the presence of this masterpiece will be unforgettable.

After marveling at Leonardo’s genius, we’ll take a short walk to one of Milan’s most historic and bustling districts: The Brera District.

### Stop 6: Brera District – Milan’s Artistic and Cultural Heart

Next, we’ll wander through the charming streets of the Brera District, one of Milan’s most vibrant and bohemian neighborhoods. Known for its artistic heritage, Brera is home to the Pinacoteca di Brera, a world-class art gallery, as well as a host of charming cafes, boutiques, and artisan shops. The district has long been associated with creativity and culture, and it remains a favorite spot for both locals and visitors to soak up the city’s atmosphere.

The Pinacoteca di Brera is one of Italy’s premier art museums, housing an impressive collection of Renaissance and Baroque masterpieces. Inside, you’ll find works by Caravaggio, Raphael, Titian, and Piero della Francesca, among others. One of the highlights of the gallery is The Marriage of the Virgin by Raphael, a stunning example of Renaissance composition and perspective. The museum is housed in a historic palazzo, and its tranquil courtyards offer a peaceful retreat from the busy streets outside.

As you stroll through the narrow, cobblestone streets of Brera, you’ll notice the district’s distinctive character. Street artists display their works on the pavement, while small galleries and workshops offer unique, hand-crafted goods. Brera is also a fantastic place to stop for a coffee or aperitivo at one of the many cafes that spill out onto the streets. Take a seat at a café like Bar Jamaica, a favorite haunt of artists and writers in the 20th century, and enjoy the people-watching in this lively neighborhood.

The Botanical Garden of Brera, located within the Brera Academy, is another hidden gem worth exploring. This peaceful garden dates back to the 18th century and offers a quiet escape in the middle of the city. It’s a great spot to relax after visiting the art gallery, surrounded by exotic plants and historical structures.

The Brera District captures the artistic soul of Milan, and spending time here will give you a deeper appreciation for the city’s long-standing relationship with the arts. After enjoying the creative energy of Brera, we’ll head to one of Milan’s most modern attractions: the Porta Nuova district.

### Stop 7: Porta Nuova – Milan’s Futuristic Skyline

After exploring Milan’s rich artistic heritage, it’s time to experience the city’s cutting-edge modern side in the Porta Nuova district. This area has undergone a massive transformation over the past two decades, evolving from an industrial zone into Milan’s most futuristic and innovative neighborhood. With its striking skyscrapers, high-end shopping, and eco-friendly green spaces, Porta Nuova represents Milan’s embrace of the future.

As you approach Porta Nuova, the first thing you’ll notice is the UniCredit Tower, Italy’s tallest building at 231 meters (758 feet). Designed by Argentine architect César Pelli, the tower is a symbol of Milan’s economic and financial power. Its sleek, curving design and glass facade give it a futuristic feel, and the spire at the top seems to reach into the sky.

The centerpiece of Porta Nuova is the Piazza Gae Aulenti, a modern square surrounded by some of the city’s most impressive contemporary architecture. The square is named after the renowned Italian architect Gae Aulenti, who played a key role in shaping modern Milan. The piazza features futuristic fountains, interactive installations, and plenty of seating where you can relax and take in the atmosphere.

One of the highlights of the district is the innovative Vertical Forest (Bosco Verticale), two residential towers covered with over 20,000 trees and plants. Designed by Stefano Boeri, these green skyscrapers are a striking example of Milan’s commitment to sustainability and environmental design. The Vertical Forest has become an iconic part of the city’s skyline, and it’s an impressive sight, blending architecture with nature in a way that’s both visually stunning and ecologically forward-thinking.

Porta Nuova is also a great place for shopping, with luxury boutiques and concept stores offering the latest in fashion and design. The district is a hub of creativity and innovation, making it a fitting end to our journey through Milan’s diverse architectural landscape.

After exploring the modern marvels of Porta Nuova, we’ll conclude our walking tour at one of Milan’s most historic sites: the Basilica di Sant’Ambrogio.

### Stop 8: Basilica di Sant’Ambrogio – A Journey Back to Early Christianity

Our final stop is the Basilica di Sant’Ambrogio, one of Milan’s oldest and most important churches, dating back to 379 AD. Dedicated to Saint Ambrose, the patron saint of Milan, this basilica is a stunning example of Romanesque architecture and is deeply intertwined with the city’s religious and historical identity.

As you approach the basilica, you’ll notice its simple, yet elegant design, with two tall brick bell towers and a large, open courtyard. The basilica was built during a time when Milan was a center of Early Christianity, and its architecture reflects the spiritual and communal life of the time. Inside, the church is adorned with beautiful mosaics, frescoes, and sculptures, many of which date back to the 9th and 10th centuries.

One of the highlights of the Basilica di Sant’Ambrogio is the Sarcofago di Stilicone, an intricately carved sarcophagus from the 4th century, which is believed to contain the remains of the Roman general Flavius Stilicho. The church is also home to the tomb of Saint Ambrose himself, whose relics are housed in a glass case beneath the main altar. The crypt is a place of pilgrimage for many Christians, and it’s a deeply spiritual and peaceful space.

The basilica is also known for its beautiful Golden Altar, a masterpiece of Lombard goldsmithing from the 9th century. The altar is decorated with scenes from the Life of Christ and the Saints, and its shimmering surface is a striking contrast to the simplicity of the church’s Romanesque design.

As you walk through the basilica, take a moment to reflect on the centuries of history that have unfolded within these walls. The Basilica di Sant’Ambrogio has witnessed the rise and fall of empires, the spread of Christianity, and the transformation of Milan from a Roman outpost to a modern metropolis.

### Conclusion: Milan – A City of Art, Innovation, and History

As our walking tour of Milan comes to an end, I hope you’ve gained a deeper appreciation for this city’s rich and diverse history. From the grandeur of the Duomo and the artistic treasures of Brera to the cutting-edge innovation of Porta Nuova, Milan is a city where the past and future coexist in perfect harmony.

Milan’s ability to embrace both tradition and modernity makes it one of Italy’s most fascinating cities, and its cultural and architectural treasures offer something for everyone. Whether you’re here to explore its world-class museums, marvel at its historic landmarks, or indulge in its luxury shopping and cuisine, Milan is a city that will leave a lasting impression.

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